Journal:

Article Title: Amphotericin B and Fluconazole Affect Cellular Charge, Macrophage Phagocytosis, and Cellular Morphology of Cryptococcus neoformans at Subinhibitory Concentrations

doi:

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cell measurements for strains ATCC 24067 and ATCC 3501 with and without AmB and FLU

Article Snippet: Capsule size was reduced to a greater extent by AmB than by FLU; however, there was no significant difference for the normalized values. table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 TABLE 4 caption a7 Strain Drug a Cell size b P value c Capsule size d P value Capsule size/total size e P value ATCC 24067 ⊘ 5.67 ± 0.73 1.57 ± 0.59 0.21 ± 0.05 FLU 4.95 ± 1.11 0.020 0.91 ± 0.32 <0.001 0.15 ± 0.04 <0.001 AmB 4.75 ± 0.79 <0.001 0.86 ± 0.34 <0.001 0.14 ± 0.04 <0.001 ATCC 3501 ⊘ 7.25 ± 1.67 1.85 ± 0.67 0.20 ± 0.04 FLU 5.97 ± 1.07 0.007 0.96 ± 0.40 <0.001 0.13 ± 0.03 <0.001 AmB 5.15 ± 1.18 <0.001 0.80 ± 0.36 <0.001 0.13 ± 0.04 <0.001 Open in a separate window a Absence of antibiotics (⊘) or presence of either AmB or FLU at 0.5 the MIC for the cryptococcal strain is indicated. b Cell size is measured ( n = 20) as the size of the cell body exclusive of the polysaccharide capsule. c P values were determined by Student’s t test by using values for a drug-treated strain compared to those for the same strain without drug exposure. d Capsule size is the distance from the cell wall to the outer capsular border. e Normalized values were determined by dividing each individual measurement of capsule size by the size of the entire organism (cell diameter inclusive of the polysaccharide capsule).

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Radioimmunotherapy of Blastomycosis in a Mouse Model With a (1→3)-β-Glucans Targeting Antibody

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00147

Figure Lengend Snippet: Evaluation of the binding of 177 Lu-400-2 and 177 Lu-2G8 antibodies to (1→3)-β-glucans antigen after their incubation with acapsular C. neoformans cells for 3 h. 177 Lu-MOPC 21 was used as an IgG irrelevant control. (A) percentage of radiolabeled antibody in a sample bound to the cell pellet: (B) percentage of non-bound antibody. ∗ Indicates a significant difference between the groups ( P value < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Acapsular C. neoformans (ATCC 208821) cells were cultured in Emmons’ modification of Sabouraud’s agar overnight (37°C) until sufficient cell numbers were reached.

Techniques: Binding Assay, Incubation, Control

Journal:

Article Title: Antifungal susceptibilities of Cryptococcus neoformans cerebrospinal fluid isolates from AIDS patients in Kenya

doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2010.01946.x

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vitro antifungal drug susceptibilities of incident C. neoformans isolates from AIDS patients in Kenya.

Article Snippet: Methods Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed on 67 C. neoformans isolates by broth microdilution method as outlined in the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute document M27-A3 using FLC, amphotericin B (AMB), voriconazole (VOR), ravuconazole (RAV), and flucytosine (5-FC).

Techniques: In Vitro, Concentration Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: DNA extraction and amplicon production strategies deeply inf luence the outcome of gut mycobiome studies

doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44974-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: 18S rRNA qPCR results ( A , C , D , E ) and flowchart ( B ) showing the aliquoting, spiking and extraction of the stool sample. This was aliquoted (line 2 of the flowchart), then a third of the aliquots was spiked with 10 6 cells of each species of the mock community, a third was spiked with 10 4 cells and the final third was analysed as it was (non-spiked). These were then extracted using 5 different methods (box). ( A ) Comparison of the PSP kit performance with extra bead beating (PLb) and without (PLk). ( C ) Comparison of the PSP kit (PLk) performance versus the Qiagen kit (QSK). ( A , C ) The relative abundance (DNA concentration) was normalised to the mean of all values. A Welch t-test was used to compare the means of the two extraction methods for each species; where results were found to be significant, this is shown in the figure (ns: p > 0.05; *p <= 0.05; **p <= 0.01; ***p <= 0.001; ****p <= 0.0001). The error bars denote standard deviation of the mean (SD). Fungal strains: Ca = C . albicans , Ct = C . tropicalis , Sc = S . cerevisiae , Cn = C . neoformans , Mf = M . furfur , Af = A . fumigatus , Pc = P . crysogenum . ( D ) Bar chart showing the number of 18S rRNA copies in 100 mg of spiked/non-spiked stools. The samples are grouped according to the extraction method, as shown in the flowchart. The colours indicate the spiking (ns = non-spiked, 10 4 and 10 6 cells). ( E ) Pair-wise comparison of 18S rRNA gene copies (method = wilcox.test) in 10 mg of stool from donors (n = 24) extracted with PSb and QSK kits. A list of sample names with related descriptions can be found in Table . *Sample preparation for the QSK extraction was done separately following the first aliquoting.

Article Snippet: The extraction of C . neoformans was challenging regardless of the method used: the greatest relative abundance was found with the Qiagen kit (Fig. ).

Techniques: Extraction, Comparison, Concentration Assay, Standard Deviation, Sample Prep

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: DNA extraction and amplicon production strategies deeply inf luence the outcome of gut mycobiome studies

doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44974-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Performance summary for each primer set in terms of MC species identified and inflation of species.

Article Snippet: The extraction of C . neoformans was challenging regardless of the method used: the greatest relative abundance was found with the Qiagen kit (Fig. ).

Techniques:

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Cryptococcus neoformans recovered from olive trees ( Olea europaea ) in Turkey reveal allopatry with African and South American lineages

doi: 10.1101/729145

Figure Lengend Snippet: The tree symbol designates the region where C. neoformans is recurrently isolated from Eucalyptus camaldulensis .

Article Snippet: Population genetics and genomic analyses revealed that most of the isolates in Turkey belong to the VNBII lineage of C. neoformans , which is predominantly found in southern Africa; these isolates are part of a distinct minor clade within VNBII that includes several isolates from Zambia and Brazil.

Techniques: Isolation

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Cryptococcus neoformans recovered from olive trees ( Olea europaea ) in Turkey reveal allopatry with African and South American lineages

doi: 10.1101/729145

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) 1–26: serotype Aα, H99α, KN99 a ; (B) 1: serotype A a (strain AD215), KN99 a , H99α; (C) 1–3: serotype Dα, JEC20 a , JEC21α. Congenic C. neoformans strains H99 (VNI-αA) and KN99 a ( a A), and C. deneoformans JEC20 (VNIV- a D) and JEC21 (VNIV-αD) were used as positive controls. M, molecular weight markers; N, negative control.

Article Snippet: Population genetics and genomic analyses revealed that most of the isolates in Turkey belong to the VNBII lineage of C. neoformans , which is predominantly found in southern Africa; these isolates are part of a distinct minor clade within VNBII that includes several isolates from Zambia and Brazil.

Techniques: Molecular Weight, Negative Control

Journal: Genome Biology and Evolution

Article Title: Intron Gains and Losses in the Evolution of Fusarium and Cryptococcus Fungi

doi: 10.1093/gbe/evs091

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cryptococcus Strains Included in the Comparative Genomics Study

Article Snippet: Whole genome sequences and annotation data for C . neoformans serotype A strain H99 and C . gattii serotype B strains R265 and WM276 were obtained from the Broad Institute in January 2012 ( http://www.broadinstitute.org , last accessed February 25, 2012).

Techniques:

Journal: Genome Biology and Evolution

Article Title: Intron Gains and Losses in the Evolution of Fusarium and Cryptococcus Fungi

doi: 10.1093/gbe/evs091

Figure Lengend Snippet: Intron evolution in Cryptococcus neoformans species. The phylogenetic tree includes the major serotypes A, B, and D. The strains of serotype B fall into three major genotypes VGI–III. C. gattii R265 was the focal genome for our analyses. Vertical columns identify the different categories of intron conservation among strains. Red (“−”) indicates intron absence and green (“+”) indicates intron presence. The total number of intron positions per category is shown below the columns.

Article Snippet: Whole genome sequences and annotation data for C . neoformans serotype A strain H99 and C . gattii serotype B strains R265 and WM276 were obtained from the Broad Institute in January 2012 ( http://www.broadinstitute.org , last accessed February 25, 2012).

Techniques: